![]() ![]() Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation. ![]() Disturbances of emotion regulation after focal brain lesions. ![]() Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. The somatic marker hypothesis: a neural theory of economic decision. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Neurocognitive insights into substance abuse. Rahman, S., Sahakia, B., Rudolph, N.C., Rogers, R.D. Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making. The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neurobiology of decision making: risk and reward. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (Grosset/Putnam, New York, 1994).īechara, A. I propose that drugs can trigger bottom-up, involuntary signals originating from the amygdala that modulate, bias or even hijack the goal-driven cognitive resources that are needed for the normal operation of the reflective system and for exercising the willpower to resist drugs.ĭamasio, A.R. However, this control is not absolute hyperactivity within the impulsive system can override the reflective system. After an individual learns social rules, the reflective system controls the impulsive system via several mechanisms. I suggest that addiction is the product of an imbalance between two separate, but interacting, neural systems that control decision making: an impulsive, amygdala system for signaling pain or pleasure of immediate prospects, and a reflective, prefrontal cortex system for signaling pain or pleasure of future prospects. Here I argue that addicted people become unable to make drug-use choices on the basis of long-term outcome, and I propose a neural framework that explains this myopia for future consequences. ![]()
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